in_subset
has_exact_synonym
definition
has_related_synonym
imported from
database_cross_reference
has_alternative_id
has_obo_namespace
has_narrow_synonym
has_broad_synonym
mitotic G1 phase
G1 phase of mitotic cell cycle
GO:0000080
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
Reactome:REACT_101162
Reactome:REACT_1590
Reactome:REACT_29795
Reactome:REACT_34060
Reactome:REACT_78665
Reactome:REACT_78866
Reactome:REACT_83686
Reactome:REACT_91654
Reactome:REACT_93384
Reactome:REACT_93574
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation by mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
biological_process
mitotic S phase
GO:0000084
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
Reactome:REACT_105829
Reactome:REACT_108550
Reactome:REACT_110039
Reactome:REACT_28988
Reactome:REACT_32013
Reactome:REACT_34043
Reactome:REACT_78838
Reactome:REACT_78845
Reactome:REACT_81914
Reactome:REACT_82813
Reactome:REACT_85811
Reactome:REACT_89318
Reactome:REACT_899
Reactome:REACT_92500
Reactome:REACT_92759
Reactome:REACT_95174
Reactome:REACT_96081
Reactome:REACT_97603
Reactome:REACT_99645
S phase of mitotic cell cycle
S-phase of mitotic cell cycle
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
biological_process
mitotic G2 phase
G2 phase of mitotic cell cycle
GO:0000085
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
Reactome:REACT_105223
Reactome:REACT_105307
Reactome:REACT_106415
Reactome:REACT_106836
Reactome:REACT_1915
Reactome:REACT_28975
Reactome:REACT_85928
Reactome:REACT_96332
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation by mitosis.
biological_process
mitotic M phase
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
GO:0000087
M phase of mitotic cell cycle
M-phase of mitotic cell cycle
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
Reactome:REACT_105412
Reactome:REACT_107095
Reactome:REACT_109059
Reactome:REACT_29488
Reactome:REACT_33490
Reactome:REACT_82055
Reactome:REACT_87132
Reactome:REACT_88263
Reactome:REACT_910
Reactome:REACT_92998
Reactome:REACT_93131
Reactome:REACT_93566
Reactome:REACT_93720
Reactome:REACT_94536
biological_process
MAPK import into nucleus
GO:0000189
Note that 'translocation' is sometimes used in the literature to refer to the entire process of protein import into the nucleus, but in GO refers specifically to the step in which a cargo-carrier protein complex moves through the nuclear pore complex.
Reactome:REACT_103042
Reactome:REACT_105886
Reactome:REACT_106064
Reactome:REACT_107045
Reactome:REACT_110766
Reactome:REACT_113196
Reactome:REACT_114932
Reactome:REACT_115101
Reactome:REACT_1866
Reactome:REACT_29004
Reactome:REACT_32259
Reactome:REACT_33595
Reactome:REACT_487
Reactome:REACT_510
Reactome:REACT_78269
Reactome:REACT_79422
Reactome:REACT_81446
Reactome:REACT_87335
Reactome:REACT_89933
Reactome:REACT_94910
Reactome:REACT_95119
Reactome:REACT_97762
The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus upon activation.
biological_process
nuclear translocation of MAPK
mitotic cell cycle
GO:0000278
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
Reactome:REACT_100451
Reactome:REACT_104035
Reactome:REACT_104195
Reactome:REACT_105856
Reactome:REACT_108233
Reactome:REACT_152
Reactome:REACT_28464
Reactome:REACT_28953
Reactome:REACT_33388
Reactome:REACT_53493
Reactome:REACT_79085
Reactome:REACT_84794
Reactome:REACT_85137
Reactome:REACT_85950
Reactome:REACT_90332
Reactome:REACT_90846
Reactome:REACT_96281
Reactome:REACT_97744
Reactome:REACT_98208
biological_process
M phase
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
GO:0000279
M-phase
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
Wikipedia:M_phase
biological_process
response to reactive oxygen species
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
GO:0000302
biological_process
response to AOS
response to ROI
response to ROS
response to active oxygen species
response to reactive oxidative species
response to reactive oxygen intermediate
alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
GO:0000380
Note that this process most commonly occurs in cis, selecting or skipping exons from the same primary transcript, but it has also been observed to occur in trans at low frequency, at least in some mammals.
The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition.
alternative nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
biological_process
splice site selection
nucleosome
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.
GO:0000786
GO:0005718
Wikipedia:Nucleosome
cellular_component
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gs
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.
GO:0001588
GO:0001589
GO:0001590
dopamine D1 receptor activity
dopamine D5 receptor activity
molecular_function
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.
GO:0001591
GO:0001592
GO:0001593
GO:0001670
dopamine D2 receptor activity
dopamine D3 receptor activity
dopamine D4 receptor activity
molecular_function
response to hypoxia
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
GO:0001666
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to anoxia ; GO:0034059'. Note that in laboratory studies, hypoxia is typically studied at O2 concentrations ranging from 0.1 - 5%.
biological_process
response to hypoxic stress
response to lowered oxygen tension
cytokine production
GO:0001816
Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular cytokine levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting cytokine molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules.
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
biological_process
interferon production
interleukin production
steroid hormone receptor import into nucleus
2009-07-09T02:34:42Z
GO:0002146
Note that 'translocation' is sometimes used in the literature to refer to the entire process of protein import into the nucleus, but in GO refers specifically to the step in which a cargo-carrier protein complex moves through the nuclear pore complex.
The directed movement of a steroid hormone receptor into the nucleus.
biological_process
hjd
steroid hormone receptor nuclear translocation
glucocorticoid receptor import into nucleus
2009-07-09T02:36:09Z
GO:0002147
The directed movement of a glucocorticoid receptor into the nucleus.
biological_process
glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation
hjd
thrombocyte differentiation
GO:0002574
Note that platelets are the non-nucleated mammalian functional equivalent of the nucleated thrombocytes of non-mammalian vertebrates and are sometimes also referred to as thrombocytes. Platelet formation in mammals is covered by the biological_process term platelet formation ; GO:0030220.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a thrombocyte, a nucleated cell found in all vertebrates but mammals involved in hemostasis.
biological_process
regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
GO:0002673
biological_process
molecular_function
Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions.
GO:0003674
GO:0005554
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
molecular function
molecular function unknown
molecular_function
catalytic activity
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
GO:0003824
Wikipedia:Enzyme
enzyme activity
molecular_function
GTPase activity
ARF small monomeric GTPase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
GO:0003924
RHEA:19672
RHEB small monomeric GTPase activity
Rab small monomeric GTPase activity
Ran small monomeric GTPase activity
Ras small monomeric GTPase activity
Reactome:REACT_100432
Reactome:REACT_100708
Reactome:REACT_101121
Reactome:REACT_101520
Reactome:REACT_101563
Reactome:REACT_101678
Reactome:REACT_102040
Reactome:REACT_102208
Reactome:REACT_102307
Reactome:REACT_102371
Reactome:REACT_102510
Reactome:REACT_102532
Reactome:REACT_103518
Reactome:REACT_104081
Reactome:REACT_104477
Reactome:REACT_104739
Reactome:REACT_105323
Reactome:REACT_105697
Reactome:REACT_105708
Reactome:REACT_105854
Reactome:REACT_106121
Reactome:REACT_106217
Reactome:REACT_106301
Reactome:REACT_106528
Reactome:REACT_107176
Reactome:REACT_107306
Reactome:REACT_107730
Reactome:REACT_107820
Reactome:REACT_108363
Reactome:REACT_108653
Reactome:REACT_108825
Reactome:REACT_108837
Reactome:REACT_109360
Reactome:REACT_109897
Reactome:REACT_110131
Reactome:REACT_110443
Reactome:REACT_110557
Reactome:REACT_110859
Reactome:REACT_110879
Reactome:REACT_110931
Reactome:REACT_111994
Reactome:REACT_112104
Reactome:REACT_112254
Reactome:REACT_112389
Reactome:REACT_112587
Reactome:REACT_112651
Reactome:REACT_112671
Reactome:REACT_113058
Reactome:REACT_113209
Reactome:REACT_113727
Reactome:REACT_113832
Reactome:REACT_113952
Reactome:REACT_113954
Reactome:REACT_114148
Reactome:REACT_114153
Reactome:REACT_114188
Reactome:REACT_114210
Reactome:REACT_114331
Reactome:REACT_114379
Reactome:REACT_114384
Reactome:REACT_114532
Reactome:REACT_114620
Reactome:REACT_114824
Reactome:REACT_115229
Reactome:REACT_115324
Reactome:REACT_12396
Reactome:REACT_12397
Reactome:REACT_12456
Reactome:REACT_12612
Reactome:REACT_15316
Reactome:REACT_15335
Reactome:REACT_15449
Reactome:REACT_15495
Reactome:REACT_19123
Reactome:REACT_19178
Reactome:REACT_19186
Reactome:REACT_19194
Reactome:REACT_19219
Reactome:REACT_19255
Reactome:REACT_19317
Reactome:REACT_22359
Reactome:REACT_28065
Reactome:REACT_28251
Reactome:REACT_28269
Reactome:REACT_29162
Reactome:REACT_30456
Reactome:REACT_30463
Reactome:REACT_30562
Reactome:REACT_30687
Reactome:REACT_30707
Reactome:REACT_30942
Reactome:REACT_31226
Reactome:REACT_31474
Reactome:REACT_31530
Reactome:REACT_31599
Reactome:REACT_31709
Reactome:REACT_31727
Reactome:REACT_31850
Reactome:REACT_32006
Reactome:REACT_32028
Reactome:REACT_32914
Reactome:REACT_33948
Reactome:REACT_34113
Reactome:REACT_34480
Reactome:REACT_34592
Reactome:REACT_34735
Reactome:REACT_348
Reactome:REACT_36834
Reactome:REACT_37542
Reactome:REACT_552
Reactome:REACT_6171
Reactome:REACT_712
Reactome:REACT_75799
Reactome:REACT_77032
Reactome:REACT_77303
Reactome:REACT_78069
Reactome:REACT_78231
Reactome:REACT_78653
Reactome:REACT_78945
Reactome:REACT_79558
Reactome:REACT_79620
Reactome:REACT_80275
Reactome:REACT_80612
Reactome:REACT_81304
Reactome:REACT_81448
Reactome:REACT_81580
Reactome:REACT_81664
Reactome:REACT_81879
Reactome:REACT_82203
Reactome:REACT_82263
Reactome:REACT_82457
Reactome:REACT_82603
Reactome:REACT_82704
Reactome:REACT_83308
Reactome:REACT_83403
Reactome:REACT_83440
Reactome:REACT_83730
Reactome:REACT_84204
Reactome:REACT_84553
Reactome:REACT_84696
Reactome:REACT_84712
Reactome:REACT_84735
Reactome:REACT_85008
Reactome:REACT_85418
Reactome:REACT_85769
Reactome:REACT_85972
Reactome:REACT_86227
Reactome:REACT_86358
Reactome:REACT_86400
Reactome:REACT_86630
Reactome:REACT_86760
Reactome:REACT_86972
Reactome:REACT_87409
Reactome:REACT_87506
Reactome:REACT_87558
Reactome:REACT_87653
Reactome:REACT_87661
Reactome:REACT_88045
Reactome:REACT_88357
Reactome:REACT_89231
Reactome:REACT_89292
Reactome:REACT_89416
Reactome:REACT_89668
Reactome:REACT_89763
Reactome:REACT_90050
Reactome:REACT_90064
Reactome:REACT_90517
Reactome:REACT_90703
Reactome:REACT_91199
Reactome:REACT_91588
Reactome:REACT_92176
Reactome:REACT_92197
Reactome:REACT_92198
Reactome:REACT_92450
Reactome:REACT_93249
Reactome:REACT_93305
Reactome:REACT_93641
Reactome:REACT_93742
Reactome:REACT_93772
Reactome:REACT_94019
Reactome:REACT_94095
Reactome:REACT_94305
Reactome:REACT_94760
Reactome:REACT_95238
Reactome:REACT_95563
Reactome:REACT_96019
Reactome:REACT_96132
Reactome:REACT_96223
Reactome:REACT_96612
Reactome:REACT_96881
Reactome:REACT_97284
Reactome:REACT_97405
Reactome:REACT_97595
Reactome:REACT_97794
Reactome:REACT_98431
Reactome:REACT_98556
Reactome:REACT_98837
Reactome:REACT_98859
Reactome:REACT_99479
Reactome:REACT_99533
Reactome:REACT_99616
Rho small monomeric GTPase activity
Sar small monomeric GTPase activity
dynamin GTPase activity
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase activity
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, alpha-subunit
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, beta-subunit
heterotrimeric G-protein GTPase, gamma-subunit
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, acting on GTP, involved in cellular and subcellular movement
molecular_function
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, elongation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, initiation
protein-synthesizing GTPase activity, termination
signal-recognition-particle GTPase activity
small monomeric GTPase activity
tubulin GTPase activity
receptor activity
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
GO:0004872
GO:0019041
molecular_function
receptor guanylate cyclase activity
viral antireceptor activity
beta-adrenergic receptor activity
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gs alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.
GO:0004939
beta adrenoceptor
molecular_function
receptor binding
GO:0005102
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Wikipedia:Ligand_(biochemistry)
molecular_function
receptor ligand
receptor-associated protein activity
binding
For ligands that bind to signal transducing receptors, consider the molecular function term 'receptor binding ; GO:0005102' and its children.
GO:0005488
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Wikipedia:Binding_(molecular)
ligand
molecular_function
protein binding
GO:0005515
GO:0045308
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
Reactome:REACT_100287
Reactome:REACT_101129
Reactome:REACT_102084
Reactome:REACT_102457
Reactome:REACT_103972
Reactome:REACT_104029
Reactome:REACT_104599
Reactome:REACT_105776
Reactome:REACT_105895
Reactome:REACT_106168
Reactome:REACT_106189
Reactome:REACT_107402
Reactome:REACT_108283
Reactome:REACT_109392
Reactome:REACT_110419
Reactome:REACT_110570
Reactome:REACT_15321
Reactome:REACT_15325
Reactome:REACT_15355
Reactome:REACT_15417
Reactome:REACT_15419
Reactome:REACT_15506
Reactome:REACT_15541
Reactome:REACT_20509
Reactome:REACT_20539
Reactome:REACT_28794
Reactome:REACT_30571
Reactome:REACT_30672
Reactome:REACT_31305
Reactome:REACT_31537
Reactome:REACT_31641
Reactome:REACT_31648
Reactome:REACT_32973
Reactome:REACT_33135
Reactome:REACT_34719
Reactome:REACT_6923
Reactome:REACT_6945
Reactome:REACT_78382
Reactome:REACT_78466
Reactome:REACT_79634
Reactome:REACT_80470
Reactome:REACT_80778
Reactome:REACT_83147
Reactome:REACT_83165
Reactome:REACT_83532
Reactome:REACT_85250
Reactome:REACT_85858
Reactome:REACT_85975
Reactome:REACT_87187
Reactome:REACT_87374
Reactome:REACT_87652
Reactome:REACT_88068
Reactome:REACT_88138
Reactome:REACT_88223
Reactome:REACT_89261
Reactome:REACT_90027
Reactome:REACT_90105
Reactome:REACT_90666
Reactome:REACT_91560
Reactome:REACT_92029
Reactome:REACT_93175
Reactome:REACT_93938
Reactome:REACT_94522
Reactome:REACT_94808
Reactome:REACT_95241
Reactome:REACT_95561
Reactome:REACT_95647
Reactome:REACT_96236
Reactome:REACT_96264
Reactome:REACT_98028
Reactome:REACT_98807
alpha-2 macroglobulin receptor-associated protein activity
molecular_function
protein amino acid binding
protein degradation tagging activity
protein folding chaperone
protein tagging activity
cellular_component
GO:0005575
GO:0008372
NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together.
cellular component
cellular component unknown
cellular_component
nucleus
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
GO:0005634
NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020
Wikipedia:Cell_nucleus
cell nucleus
cellular_component
nuclear envelope
GO:0005635
GO:0005636
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).
Wikipedia:Nuclear_envelope
cellular_component
cytoplasm
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
GO:0005737
Wikipedia:Cytoplasm
cellular_component
mitochondrion
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
GO:0005739
NIF_Subcellular:sao1860313010
Wikipedia:Mitochondrion
cellular_component
mitochondria
lysosome
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.
GO:0005764
NIF_Subcellular:sao585356902
Wikipedia:Lysosome
cellular_component
autophagic vacuole
A double-membrane-bounded compartment in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered; known as autophagosome in yeast.
GO:0005776
autophagosome
cellular_component
endoplasmic reticulum
ER
GO:0005783
NIF_Subcellular:sao1036339110
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum
cellular_component
Golgi apparatus
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.
GO:0005794
Golgi
Golgi complex
Golgi ribbon
NIF_Subcellular:sao451912436
Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
Wikipedia:Golgi_apparatus
cellular_component
cytosol
GO:0005829
NIF_Subcellular:sao101633890
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
Wikipedia:Cytosol
cellular_component
plasma membrane
GO:0005886
GO:0005904
NIF_Subcellular:sao1663586795
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
Wikipedia:Cell_membrane
bacterial inner membrane
cell membrane
cellular_component
cytoplasmic membrane
inner endospore membrane
juxtamembrane
plasma membrane lipid bilayer
plasmalemma
DNA repair
GO:0006281
Reactome:REACT_102034
Reactome:REACT_106650
Reactome:REACT_107446
Reactome:REACT_107692
Reactome:REACT_107752
Reactome:REACT_108864
Reactome:REACT_108881
Reactome:REACT_108903
Reactome:REACT_109956
Reactome:REACT_115642
Reactome:REACT_115836
Reactome:REACT_127
Reactome:REACT_216
Reactome:REACT_29531
Reactome:REACT_29636
Reactome:REACT_78051
Reactome:REACT_82907
Reactome:REACT_83608
Reactome:REACT_83660
Reactome:REACT_84835
Reactome:REACT_85522
Reactome:REACT_86513
Reactome:REACT_86902
Reactome:REACT_88201
Reactome:REACT_88946
Reactome:REACT_89524
Reactome:REACT_90385
Reactome:REACT_90952
Reactome:REACT_91094
Reactome:REACT_91330
Reactome:REACT_91442
Reactome:REACT_91576
Reactome:REACT_92707
Reactome:REACT_93704
Reactome:REACT_94204
Reactome:REACT_94769
Reactome:REACT_95050
Reactome:REACT_95158
Reactome:REACT_96052
Reactome:REACT_96452
Reactome:REACT_99277
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
Wikipedia:DNA_repair
biological_process
transcription, DNA-templated
DNA-dependent transcription
GO:0006350
GO:0006351
GO:0061018
GO:0061022
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
Wikipedia:Transcription_(genetics)
biological_process
cellular transcription
cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
transcription
transcription regulator activity
transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
GO:0006355
GO:0032583
GO:0045449
GO:0061019
biological_process
regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of gene-specific transcription
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
transcriptional control
translation
GO:0006412
GO:0006416
GO:0006453
GO:0043037
Reactome:REACT_100338
Reactome:REACT_100851
Reactome:REACT_101045
Reactome:REACT_101324
Reactome:REACT_1014
Reactome:REACT_103420
Reactome:REACT_105544
Reactome:REACT_29980
Reactome:REACT_33559
Reactome:REACT_77710
Reactome:REACT_79784
Reactome:REACT_81734
Reactome:REACT_81833
Reactome:REACT_82171
Reactome:REACT_83429
Reactome:REACT_83530
Reactome:REACT_86996
Reactome:REACT_95535
Reactome:REACT_96394
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
Wikipedia:Translation_(genetics)
biological_process
protein anabolism
protein biosynthesis
protein biosynthetic process
protein formation
protein synthesis
protein translation
regulation of translation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA.
GO:0006417
GO:0006445
biological_process
regulation of protein anabolism
regulation of protein biosynthesis
regulation of protein formation
regulation of protein synthesis
protein phosphorylation
GO:0006468
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
biological_process
protein amino acid phosphorylation
protein dephosphorylation
GO:0006470
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.
biological_process
protein amino acid dephosphorylation
protein import into nucleus
GO:0006606
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
biological_process
establishment of protein localization to nucleus
protein import into cell nucleus
protein nucleus import
protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
chloride transport
GO:0006821
The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
autophagy
GO:0006914
GO:0016238
The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.
Wikipedia:Autophagy_(cellular)
biological_process
chaperone-mediated autophagy
apoptotic process
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways) which typically lead to rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling pathway phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.
GO:0006915
GO:0006917
GO:0008632
Reactome:REACT_100045
Reactome:REACT_100962
Reactome:REACT_101249
Reactome:REACT_104187
Reactome:REACT_105149
Reactome:REACT_106405
Reactome:REACT_106672
Reactome:REACT_107264
Reactome:REACT_108651
Reactome:REACT_109165
Reactome:REACT_110081
Reactome:REACT_111964
Reactome:REACT_13526
Reactome:REACT_13638
Reactome:REACT_13643
Reactome:REACT_28087
Reactome:REACT_28795
Reactome:REACT_28816
Reactome:REACT_30266
Reactome:REACT_30361
Reactome:REACT_30371
Reactome:REACT_30548
Reactome:REACT_30763
Reactome:REACT_31349
Reactome:REACT_34139
Reactome:REACT_578
Reactome:REACT_77132
Reactome:REACT_77313
Reactome:REACT_77415
Reactome:REACT_78287
Reactome:REACT_78802
Reactome:REACT_79809
Reactome:REACT_82724
Reactome:REACT_83328
Reactome:REACT_85877
Reactome:REACT_86749
Reactome:REACT_86873
Reactome:REACT_87570
Reactome:REACT_88740
Reactome:REACT_88784
Reactome:REACT_89196
Reactome:REACT_90267
Reactome:REACT_91011
Reactome:REACT_91243
Reactome:REACT_93937
Reactome:REACT_94099
Reactome:REACT_95069
Reactome:REACT_95675
Reactome:REACT_97627
Reactome:REACT_99784
Reactome:REACT_99799
Wikipedia:Apoptosis
activation of apoptosis
apoptosis
apoptosis activator activity
apoptosis signaling
apoptotic cell death
apoptotic program
apoptotic programmed cell death
biological_process
cell suicide
cellular suicide
commitment to apoptosis
induction of apoptosis
induction of apoptosis by p53
programmed cell death by apoptosis
signaling (initiator) caspase activity
type I programmed cell death
response to stress
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
GO:0006950
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
biological_process
response to abiotic stress
response to biotic stress
inflammatory response
GO:0006954
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.
This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved.
Wikipedia:Inflammation
biological_process
cell cycle
GO:0007049
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
Wikipedia:Cell_cycle
biological_process
cell-division cycle
cell cycle arrest
A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).
GO:0007050
Reactome:REACT_104854
Reactome:REACT_110745
Reactome:REACT_21387
Reactome:REACT_34173
Reactome:REACT_34536
Reactome:REACT_78416
Reactome:REACT_78593
Reactome:REACT_79397
Reactome:REACT_80257
Reactome:REACT_80760
Reactome:REACT_81821
Reactome:REACT_84630
Reactome:REACT_86872
Reactome:REACT_90070
Reactome:REACT_90301
Reactome:REACT_92874
Reactome:REACT_92909
arrest of cell cycle progression
biological_process
cessation of cell cycle
termination of cell cycle
signal transduction
GO:0007165
GO:0023033
Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not.
Reactome:REACT_100624
Reactome:REACT_102354
Reactome:REACT_112130
Reactome:REACT_112549
Reactome:REACT_113151
Reactome:REACT_113601
Reactome:REACT_113964
Reactome:REACT_114657
Reactome:REACT_114690
Reactome:REACT_114820
Reactome:REACT_114910
Reactome:REACT_115037
Reactome:REACT_115147
Reactome:REACT_12478
Reactome:REACT_31232
Reactome:REACT_78535
Reactome:REACT_89740
Reactome:REACT_93680
Reactome:REACT_98872
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
Wikipedia:Signal_transduction
biological_process
signaling cascade
signaling pathway
signalling cascade
signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
GO:0007186
GPCR signaling pathway
GPCR signalling pathway
biological_process
JAK-STAT cascade
Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.
GO:0007259
JAK-STAT signal transduction
Wikipedia:JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway
biological_process
neurotransmitter secretion
GO:0007269
Reactome:REACT_100716
Reactome:REACT_102134
Reactome:REACT_102586
Reactome:REACT_102743
Reactome:REACT_105010
Reactome:REACT_105885
Reactome:REACT_110862
Reactome:REACT_11184
Reactome:REACT_113329
Reactome:REACT_115061
Reactome:REACT_13723
Reactome:REACT_29477
Reactome:REACT_29495
Reactome:REACT_29928
Reactome:REACT_77375
Reactome:REACT_85993
Reactome:REACT_91316
Reactome:REACT_95406
Reactome:REACT_99398
The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
biological_process
neurotransmitter release
circadian rhythm
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
GO:0007623
GO:0050895
Wikipedia:Circadian_rhythm
biological_process
circadian process
circadian response
response to circadian rhythm
drug binding
GO:0008144
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a drug, any naturally occurring or synthetic substance, other than a nutrient, that, when administered or applied to an organism, affects the structure or functioning of the organism; in particular, any such substance used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease.
molecular_function
biological_process
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
GO:0000004
GO:0007582
GO:0008150
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
Wikipedia:Biological_process
biological process
biological process unknown
biological_process
physiological process
cell death
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as "apoptotic bodies"); and/or (3) its corpse (or its fragments) have been engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo.
GO:0008219
accidental cell death
biological_process
necrosis
cell proliferation
GO:0008283
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells.
biological_process
fatty acid catabolic process
GO:0009062
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
Wikipedia:Fatty_acid_degradation
biological_process
fatty acid breakdown
fatty acid catabolism
fatty acid degradation
quorum sensing
GO:0009372
The process in which single-celled organisms monitor their population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules produced by the cells themselves.
Wikipedia:Quorum_sensing
biological_process
quorum sensing system
cell surface
GO:0009928
GO:0009929
GO:0009986
Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are attached (integrated or loosely bound) to the plasma membrane or cell wall.
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
cell associated
cell bound
cellular_component
gene expression
GO:0010467
Reactome:REACT_100537
Reactome:REACT_101147
Reactome:REACT_101952
Reactome:REACT_105649
Reactome:REACT_108313
Reactome:REACT_29068
Reactome:REACT_34240
Reactome:REACT_71
Reactome:REACT_78136
Reactome:REACT_78959
Reactome:REACT_79662
Reactome:REACT_85241
Reactome:REACT_85359
Reactome:REACT_86357
Reactome:REACT_89816
Reactome:REACT_91657
Reactome:REACT_91965
Reactome:REACT_93586
Reactome:REACT_93968
Reactome:REACT_94814
Reactome:REACT_98256
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Wikipedia:Gene_expression
biological_process
regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
GO:0010468
Wikipedia:Regulation_of_gene_expression
biological_process
regulation of gene product expression
regulation of protein expression
protein kinase A signaling
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
GO:0010737
PKA signaling cascade
biological_process
protein kinase A signal transduction
protein kinase A signaling cascade
protein kinase A signalling cascade
positive regulation of lipid storage
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
GO:0010884
biological_process
positive regulation of lipid sequestration
negative regulation of lipid storage
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
GO:0010888
biological_process
drug transport
GO:0015893
The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biological_process
viral process
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
GO:0016032
GO:0022415
Reactome:REACT_6145
Reactome:REACT_6185
Reactome:REACT_6256
See also the biological process terms 'viral infectious cycle ; GO:0019058' and 'lysogeny ; GO:0030069'.
Wikipedia:Viral_life_cycle
biological_process
viral infection
virulence
virus process
RNA interference
GO:0016246
Note that this term refers specifically to posttranscriptional mechanisms by which small interfering RNAs down-regulate gene expression. Also consider annotating to other descendants of 'gene silencing by RNA ; GO:0031047'.
RNAi
The process in which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and can occur through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA, or by negative regulation of translation, of both host genes and transgenes.
Wikipedia:RNA_interference
biological_process
posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
kinase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
GO:0016301
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
Reactome:REACT_100073
Reactome:REACT_100078
Reactome:REACT_100159
Reactome:REACT_100260
Reactome:REACT_100298
Reactome:REACT_100305
Reactome:REACT_100311
Reactome:REACT_100390
Reactome:REACT_100465
Reactome:REACT_100495
Reactome:REACT_100519
Reactome:REACT_100636
Reactome:REACT_100637
Reactome:REACT_101024
Reactome:REACT_101170
Reactome:REACT_101303
Reactome:REACT_101431
Reactome:REACT_101543
Reactome:REACT_101596
Reactome:REACT_101638
Reactome:REACT_101667
Reactome:REACT_101841
Reactome:REACT_101862
Reactome:REACT_101914
Reactome:REACT_102090
Reactome:REACT_102093
Reactome:REACT_102154
Reactome:REACT_102322
Reactome:REACT_102330
Reactome:REACT_102380
Reactome:REACT_102475
Reactome:REACT_102499
Reactome:REACT_102552
Reactome:REACT_102607
Reactome:REACT_102711
Reactome:REACT_102729
Reactome:REACT_102817
Reactome:REACT_102887
Reactome:REACT_102908
Reactome:REACT_102915
Reactome:REACT_103060
Reactome:REACT_103291
Reactome:REACT_103327
Reactome:REACT_103359
Reactome:REACT_103468
Reactome:REACT_103691
Reactome:REACT_103727
Reactome:REACT_103804
Reactome:REACT_103989
Reactome:REACT_104022
Reactome:REACT_104044
Reactome:REACT_104109
Reactome:REACT_104209
Reactome:REACT_104323
Reactome:REACT_104386
Reactome:REACT_104523
Reactome:REACT_104644
Reactome:REACT_104687
Reactome:REACT_104730
Reactome:REACT_104822
Reactome:REACT_104837
Reactome:REACT_104878
Reactome:REACT_105254
Reactome:REACT_105274
Reactome:REACT_105345
Reactome:REACT_105373
Reactome:REACT_105503
Reactome:REACT_105561
Reactome:REACT_105569
Reactome:REACT_105589
Reactome:REACT_105664
Reactome:REACT_105700
Reactome:REACT_105971
Reactome:REACT_105976
Reactome:REACT_106075
Reactome:REACT_106144
Reactome:REACT_106159
Reactome:REACT_106186
Reactome:REACT_106225
Reactome:REACT_1063
Reactome:REACT_106324
Reactome:REACT_106383
Reactome:REACT_106411
Reactome:REACT_106420
Reactome:REACT_106500
Reactome:REACT_106505
Reactome:REACT_106514
Reactome:REACT_106567
Reactome:REACT_106599
Reactome:REACT_106681
Reactome:REACT_106722
Reactome:REACT_106738
Reactome:REACT_106897
Reactome:REACT_107009
Reactome:REACT_107055
Reactome:REACT_107102
Reactome:REACT_107243
Reactome:REACT_107247
Reactome:REACT_107310
Reactome:REACT_107424
Reactome:REACT_107623
Reactome:REACT_107685
Reactome:REACT_107732
Reactome:REACT_107736
Reactome:REACT_107787
Reactome:REACT_107849
Reactome:REACT_107854
Reactome:REACT_108002
Reactome:REACT_108096
Reactome:REACT_108132
Reactome:REACT_108362
Reactome:REACT_108394
Reactome:REACT_108520
Reactome:REACT_108578
Reactome:REACT_108776
Reactome:REACT_108840
Reactome:REACT_108871
Reactome:REACT_108971
Reactome:REACT_108985
Reactome:REACT_109045
Reactome:REACT_109065
Reactome:REACT_109117
Reactome:REACT_109197
Reactome:REACT_109244
Reactome:REACT_109260
Reactome:REACT_109264
Reactome:REACT_109331
Reactome:REACT_109367
Reactome:REACT_109549
Reactome:REACT_109641
Reactome:REACT_109769
Reactome:REACT_109799
Reactome:REACT_110175
Reactome:REACT_110254
Reactome:REACT_110296
Reactome:REACT_110351
Reactome:REACT_110382
Reactome:REACT_110530
Reactome:REACT_110583
Reactome:REACT_110643
Reactome:REACT_110679
Reactome:REACT_110774
Reactome:REACT_110775
Reactome:REACT_110947
Reactome:REACT_110995
Reactome:REACT_111124
Reactome:REACT_111171
Reactome:REACT_1116
Reactome:REACT_111930
Reactome:REACT_1120
Reactome:REACT_112075
Reactome:REACT_112101
Reactome:REACT_112156
Reactome:REACT_112214
Reactome:REACT_112270
Reactome:REACT_112298
Reactome:REACT_112324
Reactome:REACT_112360
Reactome:REACT_112413
Reactome:REACT_112480
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molecular_function
phosphokinase activity
phosphorylation
GO:0016310
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
Wikipedia:Phosphorylation
biological_process
viral genome replication
Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism.
GO:0019079
biological_process
sigma virus replication
viral replication
second-messenger-mediated signaling
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell.
GO:0019932
biological_process
second messenger mediated signaling
second messenger mediated signalling
second messenger-mediated signaling
second messenger-mediated signalling
second-messenger-mediated signal transduction
second-messenger-mediated signalling
cell cycle phase
GO:0022403
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.
biological_process
signal transduction by phosphorylation
2010-02-16T09:30:50Z
A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate transmits a signal to the phosphorylated substrate.
For annotation of intracellular kinases, consider also annotating to 'signal transduction by phosphorylation ; GO:0023014'.
GO:0023014
biological_process
signal transduction via phosphorylation event
signal transmission via phosphorylation event
signaling
2010-02-16T09:30:50Z
GO:0023046
GO:0023052
Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change.
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
biological signaling
biological_process
signaling process
signalling
signalling process
lamellipodium
A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.
GO:0030027
Wikipedia:Lamellipodia
cellular_component
platelet activation
A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
GO:0030168
Reactome:REACT_103583
Reactome:REACT_105599
Reactome:REACT_108920
Reactome:REACT_109042
Reactome:REACT_118465
Reactome:REACT_28166
Reactome:REACT_29092
Reactome:REACT_29357
Reactome:REACT_32211
Reactome:REACT_798
Reactome:REACT_82375
Reactome:REACT_82964
Reactome:REACT_83720
Reactome:REACT_85922
Reactome:REACT_86767
Reactome:REACT_86968
Reactome:REACT_88667
Reactome:REACT_88938
Reactome:REACT_92635
Reactome:REACT_96250
Reactome:REACT_97013
biological_process
blood coagulation, platelet activation
regulation of cell migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
GO:0030334
biological_process
axon
GO:0030424
NIF_Subcellular:sao1770195789
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
Wikipedia:Axon
cellular_component
regeneration
GO:0031099
The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue.
Wikipedia:Regeneration_(biology)
biological_process
neuron projection regeneration
GO:0031102
The regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites in response to their loss or damage.
biological_process
neurite regeneration
neuron projection development
GO:0031175
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
biological_process
neurite biosynthesis
neurite development
neurite formation
neurite growth
neurite outgrowth
adrenergic receptor binding
GO:0031690
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an adrenergic receptor.
adrenergic receptor ligand
molecular_function
D1 dopamine receptor binding
D1 dopamine receptor ligand
D1A dopamine receptor binding
GO:0031748
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a D1 dopamine receptor.
molecular_function
D5 dopamine receptor binding
D1B dopamine receptor binding
D5 dopamine receptor ligand
GO:0031752
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a D5 dopamine receptor.
molecular_function
bleb
A cell extension characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusions.
GO:0032059
Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology)
cellular_component
production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
GO:0030918
GO:0035196
biological_process
gene silencing by miRNA, production of miRNAs
miRNA biogenesis
miRNA processing
miRNA-mediated gene silencing, production of miRNAs
microRNA biogenesis
microRNA biosynthesis
microRNA biosynthetic process
microRNA metabolic process
microRNA metabolism
microRNA processing
microRNA-mediated gene silencing, production of microRNAs
production of microRNAs involved in gene silencing by microRNA
phenotypic switching
2012-03-27T01:31:28Z
A reversible switch of a cell from one cell type or form to another, at a frequency above the expected frequency for somatic mutations. Phenotypic switching begins with changes in cell morphology and altered gene expression patterns and ends when the morphology of a population of cells has reverted back to the default state, accompanied by altered expression patterns. For example, Candida albicans switches from a unicellular form to an invasive multicellular filamentous form upon infection of host tissue, and from white cells to opaque cells for sexual mating. Phenotypic switching also occurs in multicellular organisms; smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exhibit phenotypic transitions to allow rapid adaption to fluctuating environmental cues.
GO:0036166
Mating type switching is not considered a type of phenotypic switching: for mating type switching, consider instead annotating to 'mating type switching ; GO:0007533'.
biological_process
phenotypic dimorphism
rfoulger
regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression; the process is mitotically or meiotically heritable, or is stably self-propagated in the cytoplasm of a resting cell, and does not entail a change in DNA sequence.
GO:0040029
biological_process
NF-kappaB import into nucleus
GO:0042348
NF-KB import into nucleus
NF-kappaB import into cell nucleus
NF-kappaB protein-nucleus import
NF-kappaB transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
NF-kappaB-nucleus import
The directed movement of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
biological_process
regulation of membrane potential
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
GO:0042391
biological_process
response to drug
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
GO:0017035
GO:0042493
biological_process
drug resistance
drug susceptibility/resistance
biofilm formation
A process in which microorganisms irreversibly attach to and grow on a surface and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
GO:0042710
biological_process
transcription factor import into nucleus
GO:0042991
The directed movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
biological_process
transcription factor import into cell nucleus
transcription factor transport from cytoplasm to nucleus
transcription factor-nucleus import
neuron projection
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
GO:0043005
NIF_Subcellular:sao-867568886
cellular_component
neurite
neuron process
neuron protrusion
neuronal cell projection
negative regulation of catalytic activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
GO:0043086
biological_process
down regulation of enzyme activity
down-regulation of enzyme activity
downregulation of enzyme activity
inhibition of enzyme activity
negative regulation of enzyme activity
regulation of RNA splicing
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
GO:0043484
biological_process
protein kinase B signaling
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
AKT signal transduction
AKT signaling
AKT signaling cascade
AKT signalling cascade
GO:0043491
PKB signal transduction
PKB signaling
PKB signaling cascade
PKB signalling cascade
biological_process
protein kinase B signal transduction
protein kinase B signaling cascade
protein kinase B signalling cascade
cell body
2010-02-05T10:37:16Z
GO:0044297
Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections.
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.
cell soma
cellular_component
jane
axon collateral
2010-02-05T11:29:04Z
Any of the smaller branches of an axon that emanate from the main axon cylinder.
GO:0044303
NIF_Subcellular:sao1470140754
cellular_component
jane
dendritic branch
2010-02-05T04:18:53Z
A dendrite arising from another dendrite.
GO:0044307
NIF_Subcellular:sao884265541
cellular_component
dendrite branch
jane
negative regulation of membrane potential
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
GO:0045837
biological_process
down regulation of membrane potential
down-regulation of membrane potential
downregulation of membrane potential
inhibition of membrane potential
reduction of membrane potential
positive regulation of membrane potential
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
GO:0045838
activation of membrane potential
biological_process
elevation of membrane potential
stimulation of membrane potential
up regulation of membrane potential
up-regulation of membrane potential
upregulation of membrane potential
viral entry into host cell
GO:0019063
GO:0046718
Reactome:REACT_6232
Reactome:REACT_6282
The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.
VZ:936
Viral attachment to the host cell is not part of viral entry in GO because virus attachment does not always lead to viral entry: attachment can also result in the virion being carried by the host cell to another location.
biological_process
entry of virus into host cell
phage translocation
viral penetration
virion penetration
virion penetration into host cell
virus entry into host cell
neuron development
GO:0048666
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
biological_process
neuron projection morphogenesis
GO:0048812
The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.
biological_process
neurite biosynthesis
neurite formation
neurite growth
neurite morphogenesis
cytokine secretion
GO:0050663
The regulated release of cytokines from a cell. Cytokines are any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
biological_process
interferon secretion
interleukin secretion
regulation of catalytic activity
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.
GO:0050790
biological_process
regulation of enzyme activity
protein stabilization
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.
GO:0050821
biological_process
lysosomal protein stabilization
positive regulation of protein stability
protein sequestering
protein stabilization activity
regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
GO:0051090
Reactome:REACT_104536
Reactome:REACT_107559
Reactome:REACT_109535
Reactome:REACT_110257
Reactome:REACT_110693
Reactome:REACT_21326
Reactome:REACT_82719
Reactome:REACT_83365
Reactome:REACT_90659
Reactome:REACT_92725
Reactome:REACT_96476
Reactome:REACT_99415
biological_process
regulation of transcription factor activity
G1 phase
GO:0051318
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis) and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
Wikipedia:G1_phase
biological_process
G2 phase
GO:0051319
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis).
Wikipedia:G2_phase
biological_process
S phase
GO:0051320
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
S-phase
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place.
Wikipedia:S_phase
biological_process
meiotic cell cycle
GO:0051321
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell.
biological_process
meiotic M phase
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a meiotic cell cycle.
GO:0051327
M phase of meiotic cell cycle
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
biological_process
meiotic G1 phase
G1 phase of meiotic cell cycle
GO:0051330
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation by meiosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
biological_process
meiotic G2 phase
G2 phase of meiotic cell cycle
GO:0051331
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation by meiosis.
biological_process
meiotic S phase
GO:0051332
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct process is 'regulation of x/y phase transition'.
S phase of meiotic cell cycle
S-phase of meiotic cell cycle
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a meiotic cell cycle.
biological_process
regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity
APC regulator
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ubiquitin + protein lysine = AMP + diphosphate + protein N-ubiquityllysine.
GO:0051438
SCF complex regulator
anaphase-promoting complex regulator
biological_process
regulation of ubiquitin ligase activity
ubiquitin ligase regulator
ubiquitin-protein ligase regulator
protein C-terminal methylesterase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: C-terminal protein amino acid methyl ester + H2O = protein amino acid + methanol.
GO:0051722
molecular_function
protein phosphatase methylesterase activity
regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
GO:0051881
biological_process
regulation of gene silencing by miRNA
2009-10-05T03:10:28Z
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: mRNA cleavage or translational repression.
GO:0060964
biological_process
dph
regulation of gene silencing by microRNA
regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process
2010-05-17T01:33:20Z
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.
GO:0061136
biological_process
dph
regulation of molecular function
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
GO:0065009
biological_process
regulation of a molecular function
necrotic cell death
A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues.
GO:0070265
Note that the word necrosis has been widely used in earlier literature to describe forms of cell death which are now known by more precise terms, such as apoptosis. Necrosis can occur in a regulated fashion, involving a precise sequence of signals.
biological_process
cellular necrosis
necrosis
protein kinase C signaling
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
GO:0070528
PKC signal transduction
PKC signaling cascade
biological_process
protein kinase C signal transduction
protein kinase C signaling cascade
protein kinase C signalling cascade
ER-associated misfolded protein catabolic process
2010-03-10T12:53:27Z
ER-associated misfolded protein breakdown
ER-associated misfolded protein catabolism
ER-associated misfolded protein degradation
GO:0071712
See also the biological process terms 'unfolded protein response ; GO:0030968' and 'retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol ; GO:0030970'.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation.
biological_process
endoplasmic reticulum-associated misfolded protein catabolic process
endoplasmic reticulum-associated misfolded protein catabolism
midori
establishment of cell polarity regulating cell shape
2011-06-22T03:10:08Z
Any cellular process that results in the specification or formation of a polarized intracellular organization or cell growth pattern that regulates the shape of a cell.
GO:0071964
biological_process
midori
axon microtubule bundle
2012-11-07T15:37:12Z
An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other in the axon hillock and initial segment.
GO:1901589
NIF_Subcellular:sao707332678
axon microtubule fascicle
cellular_component
microtubule bundle of axon
microtubule fascicle of axon
pr